Book Analysis Catcher in the Rye - 2386 Words

The Catcher in the Rye: ISU Questions Graham Eby Thursday, July 10, 2008 Chapters 1-8: 1. Holden’s attitude towards his parents seems negative because judging by the way he describes them, they sound touchy and overbearing with very high expectations. Pencey is a private school and his parents wanted him there, which gives us the impression that they expect a lot from him, and he can’t, or chooses not to give it to them. 2. Holden is isolated at Pencey by; Pencey is an all boys school, and being a teenage boy, girls are something that make up a teenage boys life and he can’t be a part of that life, by messing up as fencing team manager and leaving all of the equipment in New York, forcing the whole team to ostracize him, and†¦show more content†¦2. Holden loves his little sister Phoebe. He calls her really smart and a pretty girl and again, like when describing Allie, he says, â€Å"You’d like her.† He says he can take her anywhere and talk to her about anything. He goes on and on about Phoebe and keeps saying, â€Å"You’d like her.† So it is obvious that he loves her and misses her terribly. His opinion of Phoebe contrasts with the rest of the characters in the novel because she is the only one that Holden genuinely likes. The rest of the characters are â€Å"bastards† or â€Å"phonies† or â€Å"touchy as hell† or a â€Å"sunovabitchà ¢â‚¬ . He usually has at least one bad thing to say about someone else, but not Phoebe. 3. Holden does not give a definitive reason as to why or what makes a person a phony, as most people he knows or encounters is in one way or another a phony. When talking about Ernie, the piano player, he says that is a phony for acting like he was humble and pretending like he cared about the audience, when really he was a big shot and he knew it. Also, when Holden bumps into his brothers old flame, he calls her a phony for saying how nice it was to see him, because he knew that she didn’t care about him, and only cared about D.B., his older brother. Then when calling up Sally, his old friend, she asks who it was on the phone, whenShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Book The Catcher Of The Rye 1131 Words   |  5 PagesAckley is a minor character in the novel â€Å"the Catcher in the Rye† by J.D. Salinger. One of Ackley’s main attributes is his rudeness because â€Å"He was exactly the kind of a guy that wouldn’t get out of your light when you asked him t o,† (Salinger, 21). He (Ackley) is also nosy; â€Å"He always picked up your stuff and looked at it,† (Salinger, 20). A few other attributes of Ackley’s are his unhygienic persona that has â€Å"†¦ a lot of pimples. Not just on his forehead†¦ but all over his whole face. And not onlyRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Catcher Of The Rye 1452 Words   |  6 PagesTitle: The Catcher in the Rye 1. Significance of the title: Throughout the book we see Holden retreat into his head and imagination multiple times instead of dealing with the real world. When asked what he wants to do with his life he gives the title of a job he had wanted as a kid, to catch the people running through a rye field before they fell off the weird cliff it was on. He used to have dreams about doing this and protecting people. He has a very naà ¯ve view on the world and it shows thoughRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Catcher Rye 880 Words   |  4 Pages Risi Amadi Mr. Webb The Catcher in the Rye Part I: Reading Logs Catcher in the Rye J.D. Salinger Entry #1 220 Pages Pages 1-40 This book started very different compared to most other book, its different because throughout the beginning gives a lot of information is given to the reader that you would not expect until later on in the story. The beginning also gives us a back story of most of the characters but they go into most depth with Holden. Holden Caulfield is the main characterRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Catcher Of The Rye 1080 Words   |  5 Pagesthe only one present. In the book The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger and the movie Igby Goes Down by Burr Steers hypocrisy, self-Isolation and the deception of adult-hood are themes that re-illiterate the coming of age for young-adults like Holden Caulfield and Igby Slocumb. At times, we as people forget the standards we claim set upon ourselves to embrace yet forgetting to act upon it. This entitlement of hypocrisy carries out commonly amongst The Catcher in The Rye and Igby Goes Down. It is portrayedRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Catcher Of The Rye By Quot. Salinger1240 Words   |  5 Pages The Catcher in the Rye, a novel written by J.D. Salinger, follows the short journey in which a teenage boy is coming to terms with his encroaching adulthood. Holden, the main character, has been kicked out of a private school for the third time. In New York, he is on the verge of a mental breakdown. Holden is reluctant to act on the obvious solution of returning home and feels discombobulation towards the consequences he might have to face. He reflects on the death of his brother and strugglesRead MoreTheme Analysis of Alienation in Books the Catcher in the Rye and 19841390 Words   |  6 PagesConcept, which originates in its modern form with Marx. For Marx Alienation is a Condition occurring in pre-Socialist societies, where the human Nature of man is made other than; alienate what man is really capable of being? The novels the Catcher in the Rye and 1984 Present Characters who’s Inability To conform to the norms of their Society Results in their Alienation. Alienation is a feeling of not belonging. This feeling can be physical, mental, Religious, spiritual, psychologicalRead MoreAnalysis Of Characters And Themes Of The Catcher Rye 1537 Words   |  7 Pages Analysis of Characters and Themes in The Catcher in the Rye J.D. Salinger was born in 1919 to a wealthy Manhattan family. He grew up in the same social conditions as Holden Caulfield does in The Catcher in the Rye. The last thing Salinger cared about was being a successful student because he was very lazy, without care for his responsibilities and tasks. Salinger flunked out of many prep schools, and his parents sent him to a military academy named Valley Forge in Pennsylvania, where he graduatedRead MoreTheme Of The Catcher In The Rye976 Words   |  4 PagesThroughout the novel The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger there are several different themes portrayed that widely relate to current issues of teenagers and adults alike. While reading the novel several different themes were revealed creating a deep and meaningful story line. Three themes viewed within the novel are; the phoniness of the adult world, alienation as a form of self-protection, and the painfulness of growing up. Each of these themes have large significance in character a nd plot developmentRead MoreShould Banned Be Banned? A High School Curriculum?1603 Words   |  7 PagesAccording to the American Library Association, more than 11,300 books have been challenged since 1982. This staggering number reflects thousands of students being denied the rewarding benefits associated with reading complex forms of literature that convey important messages about life and its various problematic, profane, and distasteful aspects. Specifically, the inclusion of banned books in a high school curriculum containing obscene aspects would not only strengthen comprehensive reading skillsRead MoreJ.b. Salinger s The Catcher s The Rye 1319 Words   |  6 PagesSymbolism in The Catcher in the Rye J.D. Salinger is well known for his works. His most famous being The Catcher in the Rye. Two other of his famous works include Nine stories and Franny and Zooey. J.D Salinger is also well known for his sense of humor that he includes inside of his books. The Catcher in the Rye has become an essential work to be studied in academic literature and its course of study. This book entails many uses of symbolism throughout the book. Symbolism is used

Public And Political Debate Essay - 1597 Words

According to Gaber [2013:1] ‘the quality of public and political debate, deliberation and participation has been in systematic decline for over three decades’ and through study of the central links and networks between media and the democratic process it has become fundamentally tangible that this is no exaggeration. This short essay will explore the multitude of evidence which leads many academics to this supposition, from the relationships between politicians, journalists and citizens to the emergence of new politics and the potential reasons for declines in interest in politics in connection with the news media. Moreover, it will discuss the theories which align this evidence alongside palpable consequences and attempts to repair in order to encourage a ‘reactive Western formal political system’ [Dahlgren, 2006] to regain itself in today’s ‘crisis school’ [2013:2]. The implicit relationship between voting citizens and politicians is be coming progressively less authentic and sincere with time, in conjunction with ‘an unwelcome shift in the balance of power between them’ [McNair, 2012]. The natural assumption lies with the concept of political participation growing through a contrived mutual trust and acts of dedication to one another; politicians actively promise to commit themselves to the citizens who deem their pronouncements and principles worthy, and citizens put their livelihoods and values in the hands of the government that democracy has provided affordanceShow MoreRelatedReligion in the Public Square: The Place of Religious Convictions and Political Debate889 Words   |  4 PagesThe book, Religion in the Public Square: The Place of Religious Convictions Political Debate (1997), is a presentation of a debate between two foremost thinkers who argue about the place that religion should have in the public forum, more specifically in politics. 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The concept of civil society emerges from this debate in an attempt to understand the formations of people outside of the private sphere. In this sense, I want to explore the development and expansion of this concept. In order to do that, I will explore the contributions of Jà ¼rgen Habermas and Nancy Fraser to the conceptualizationRead MoreDo Public Debates Help Or Hurt Candidate Success?868 Words   |  4 PagesDo public debates help or hurt candidate success in US presidential elections? The date was September 26 1960, at exactly 7:30 p.m., somewhat an unfamiliar young and Catholic Senator from Massachusetts was about to change the world. One of the most unusual points on the timeline of history where things changed very drastically all in a single night, was about to change the political domain and of course the world. Senator John F. 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Analysing Salinity In The River Murray Environmental Sciences Essay Free Essays

string(190) " import because it is a native topographic point for several species of birds, fish and floras and one of the biggest wetland sites that provide an economic sciences value through its fish\." The Murray River is one of the biggest rivers in Australia and spans three provinces: Victoria, New South Wales and South Australia. The entire length is 2756 kilometers and has 4 major dikes and 16 storage weirs and 15 navigable locks. The Murray River is a topographic point for a big scope sum of species such as birds, wetland birds, fishes and floras. We will write a custom essay sample on Analysing Salinity In The River Murray Environmental Sciences Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Today, there are more menaces to the river particularly to the quality of the H2O in Murray River. The low quality of H2O will act upon many industries and human being that rely on the river Murray. One index of H2O quality is the salt degree in the H2O. The salt degree is really high in most portion of the river, particularly in the Coorong, Lower lakes and Murray Mouth. The lessening in H2O flows to these countries caused addition in salt degree which reduces the H2O quality of the river. Still, the salt degree fluctuates at a really short clip because it is being influenced by the flows from up watercourse and the tidal moving ridge. The Living Murray Program ( LMP ) is a response plan to the environmental jobs in the Murray River. It aims to presenting back the H2O into the river to accomplish an environmentally healthier river system that benefits all Australian. The plan was established in 2002 and the first plan was implemented in 2004 to delivered back 5000GL of H2O to the Murray River to profit workss, animate beings and Australian along the river. It was besides aims to better the environmental public presentation of six topographic points that designated as icon sites due to their high ecological and cultural values. The plan provides H2O to retaining, retrieving and bettering the ecosystems, home grounds and species of vegetations and zoologies in these sites. Among all icon sites, The Coorong, Lower Lakes and Murray Mouth have the highest salt degree. The LMP and other related plans under the LMP attempt to work out the jobs. This essay critiques the LMP and related plans on their effort to cut down the salt degree in Coorong, Lower Lakes and Murray Mouth countries. This essay besides describes the benefits, strengths and failings of the LMP regrading salt issues. The River Murray and the Murray-Darling Basin The Murray-Darling Basin ( MDB ) covers the country of Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria and the Australian Capital Territory and South Australia. The rivers provide services for the 2.7 million people ( Murray-Darling Basin Commission 2007 ) . The MDB has a saline status and due to human activities in the last two decennaries through irrigation and dike, the salt degree has been increasing significantly. This status is non a good status for agribusiness, H2O supplies and environment ( Murray-Darling Basin Commission 2000 ) . The increasing degree of salt in the Murray River is caused by some alterations on the H2O direction system. Naturally, the Murray River is flown by high degree of salt and the natural barrier which came from the form of the Murray River H2O flows prevent the belowground flows to make the sea a create salty deposit bed beneath the upper current which create high degree of salt within the river of course. However, alterations like higher rate of irrigation and, clearance of new land of agricultural industry had accelerated the degree of salt in the river and increasing it significantly ( Quiggin, 1988 ) . Table 1. Salt degrees in the River Murray Murray-Darling Basin Salting. Metric tons of salt mobilised to come up in each State for selected old ages. State 1998 2020 2050 2100 SA 434,000 640,000 870,000 1,020,000 VIC 740,000 825,000 1,150,000 1,370,000 Naval special warfare 3,707,000 5,000,000 6,140,000 7,690,000 QLD 186,000 255,000 256,000 256,000 Murray-Darling Basin Salting. Annual entire salt mobilization in metric tons for selected old ages. A 1998 2020 2050 2100 Sum 5,100,000 6,800,000 8,500,000 10,400,000 ( beginning: MDBMC, 1987 ) Due to increasing degree of salt in the Murray River H2O, species which of course live with Murray River as their natural home ground will bit by bit extinct since their organ could non accommodate with high degree of salt ( Nielsen et al. 2003 ) . While some types of plantation and carnal manage to set their variety meats to the increasing degree of salt, the impact is still important and even makes their lives shortened. In add-on, substructure nearby the salty river can be easy damaged and the quality of land, particularly for agricultural intents will dramatically diminish which caused the doomed of productive land. If authorities continues their undertaking to pull off the salt degree in the Murray River by pumping the river H2O and turn up it in an country where it so vaporize and infiltrate into the land will profit by making a healthy Murray flood-plain flora and promote 135 species of birds to populate in the country ( Murray-Darling Basin Commission 2003 ) . The Coorong, Lower Lakes and Murray Mouth The H2O quality in Coorong country determine the H2O quality of its environing countries, particularly in four territory parts of chief channel of the lower Murray, the lower Lake Alexandria and Lake Albert, the Northern Lagoon of the Coorong and the Southern Lagoon of the Coorong. The high value of Coorong, Lower Lakes and Murray Mouth have been doing these countries became iconic sites. Naturally, the Coorong, Lower Lakes and Murray Mouth have a high degree of salt because of the H2O flows to the country is already low both in quality and measure. These countries are located in the down watercourse at the very terminal of the Murray River system. There are 593 Gatess and 5 bombardments in the Coorong built in 1035 and 1940 to protect the Coorong from the Lower Lakes. The H2O flow from the upstream influence the H2O in the Coorong. The Murray Mouth, Coorong and Lower lakes is an country of 140.000 hectares. This country is of import because it is a native topographic point for several species of birds, fish and floras and one of the biggest wetland sites that provide an economic sciences value through its fish. You read "Analysing Salinity In The River Murray Environmental Sciences Essay" in category "Essay examples" Furthermore, Coorong that has 140 kilometer length is one of the icon sites for waterfowls. Environmental aims delivered in this country through EWMP were making a healthier Coorong and Lower Lakes countries ; pull offing the transition through Murray Mouth ; supplying best status for fish spawning and increasing wading birds home ground in Lower Lakes. The biggest aims in this country is to cut down the salt degree and manage H2O degree fluctuation in Murray Mouth, Coorong and Lower Lakes by constructing Gatess that installed on selected bombardments. The dredging plan in the Murray oral cavity be sides one of the efforts to do the Murray Mouth environmentally healthier. Figure 1. Murray Mouth, Coorong and Lower Lakes ( Murray-Darling Basin Commission 2008 ) . The Living Murray Program The Living Murray Program ( TLMP ) is a Response plan to the environmental debasement in Murray River system. Established in mid 2002 by the Murray-Darling Basin Ministerial Council ( MDBMC ) , it aimed to pull off the H2O flow to run into the appropriate degree to keep the healthy status of the river. The plan was besides set to protect the agricultural concern, the communities, natural and cultural values along the Basin ( Murray-Darling Basin Commission 2004 ) . Furthermore, in 2003, The MDBMC decided to better environmental benefit in six countries include Murray Mouth, Coorong and Lower Lakes. The marks were: recovery of up to an estimated norm of 500GL/ twelvemonth of H2O ; bettering environmental benefits for all countries on the $ 150 million ; bettering the direction capacity ; constitution of autochthonal partnership and farther work to better the environmental benefit from the six designated countries. The countries were chosen because of their importance on national, regional and international ecological system ; the hazards they face and the economic sciences and cultural values they have ( Murray-Darling Basin Commission 2004 ) . The Environmental Works and Measure Program ( EWMP ) is a long term plan tallies from 2003 to 2011 as an built-in portion of the Living Murray Program. In October 2002, the EWMP had dredging plan in the Murray Mouth to keep and reconstruct the environmental wellness in Coorong and Lower Lakes. This plan was successful in keeping an gap in drouth in 2003 and 2004 ( Murray-Darling Basin Commission 2004 ) . There were several menaces to the wellness of Coorong, Lower Lakes and Murray Mouth in footings of salt degree: terrible drouth cause low flows of H2O or no flow at all through the bombardments ; the average one-year flow is 27 % under natural status ; sudden passage between saline and fresh water at the bombardments and cut down interaction between sea and river, including that the Murray oral cavity is at hazard of closing on norm in one twelvemonth in three. The Actions of EWMP were: making of a new â€Å" River Murray estuary environmental allotment † of about 180GL in every twelvemonth ; Target flushing of oral cavity in accomplishing flows go throughing Barrages in summer and fall in dry old ages ; bettering greater control of the Barrages and triping many species to bread during wet old ages. Between 2003-2011, Department of Water, Land and Biodiversity Conservation in South Australia was running a plan to remotely operates the Barrages Gatess. The aims was to heightening the environmental wellness of the Coorong, Lower Lakes and Murray Mouth by increasing the flexibleness of control of bombardments releases at selected locations and cut downing the salt fluctuation and H2O degree fluctuation and bettering connectivity between the sea and the Coorong. This undertaking is an built-in portion of the LMP since the results were reported to the Murray Management Plan. The Restoration and sweetening dredging in the Murray oral cavity was besides aimed to increase the environmental wellness of the Coorong and Lower Lakes. The plan is running from 2004 and estimated to be finished in 2011. The results are installing of 10 remotely operated Gatess at the Tauwitchere Barrage ; remotely operated Gatess will be installed on selected bombardments supplying improved operational flexibleness compared to the current manually operated Gatess ; A concern instance based on current monitoring, morphological modeling and probes of a figure of environmental wellness indexs to find whether dredging beyond the current dredging plan will profit the Coorong and Lower Lakes environment and If the concern instance is positive, execution of an enhanced dredging plan to reconstruct, enhance and prolong the environmental wellness of the Coorong and Lower Lakes ( Murray-Darling Basin Commission 2004 ) . The LMP allocated 15GL of H2O to be released in 2005 and 2006. The primary aims were to supply the best status for some of the native fishes to engender and to increase the estuarial country. Therefore, due to many betterments on LMP program, in July 2005 H2O was released through the bombardments and this status allowed some of the native fish to finish their life rhythm. This status showed that the Coorong was ecologically healthier. The dredging undertaking besides showed a important addition in the flora in the Murray Mouth. Furthermore, in 2006, some native fishes were found and release near the bombardments which means that the H2O quality in that country was suited for them. The MDBC claimed that these two aims were achieved. However, the absence of the control site made some of these groundss weak. LMP prosperity will go a weak grounds of ecological status betterment without any control site. Furthermore, there is no effort to warrant some of these betterments by comparing with the other impact on the other similar sites. The Living Murray Program and Salinity Issues Reducing the salt degree is of import and needs committedness from all histrions: persons, communities and authorities. Many research reported that the salt degree continue to increase along the river. Several betterments in irrigation system and direction, H2O distribution system and salt interception system seem fail to get by the salt issues. The addition Numberss of irrigation system along the river significantly increase the salt degree in the river ( Schrobback et al. 2008 ) . Human activity within 40 kilometers is believed to be the ground to this addition every bit good. The salt in the River Murray largely came from the shallow dirt. Deforestation and flora remotion from the shallow dirt land caused the salt entered into the river ( Quiggin. 1988 ) . The monitoring plan showed the informations that there was no consistent increasing in salt degree in the South Lagoon. The salt in the South Lagoon is 2 to 3 times of the saltwater and it was still in that scope. This is means that the LMP is non affected in cut downing salt in the Coorong, Lower Lakes and Murray Mouth. Figure 2. The Five Barrages in Murray Mouth, Coorong, and Lower Lakes ( Murray-Darling Basin Commission 2007 ) Five bombardments were built in the Coorong, Murray Mouth, and Lower Lakes. Those are Goolwa, Mundoo, Boundary Creek, Ewe Island and Tauwitchere. The chief intent of the bombardments were to insulate the fresh H2O in the Lower lakes and the Murray River. Furthermore, these bombardments were meant to take downing down the salt degree in the lower River Murray and Lakes ; bracing the river degree ; concentrating the flow to the sea to a peculiar country during low flows and to keeping the pool H2O to be pumped for Adelaide ( Murray-Darling Basin Commission 2008 ) . Since the dredging undertaking in 2003, the best tidal scope has been making the Murray Mouth estuaries. However, the bombardments did non run into the mark since they merely had a low freshening impact on the country near the bombardments. There is no important grounds on salt degree after the 640GL of H2O released in 2005 and 2006. The deficiency of attending on monitoring and mensurating the salt degree worsen the grounds that the LMP merely had a minor affect on the H2O quality. The other aim in presenting back the H2O of the LMP in this icon site was supplying more frequent estuarine fish spawning. The MDBC claimed that this nonsubjective partly meets the mark since the figure of estuarial addition during the releases but in the South Lagoon the status was still saline. Furthermore, the last aim was heightening the bird home ground. The mark was achieved in winter but exceeded in summer. However, the salt in the Lakes was still high except during the releases. These groundss show that the bombardments system in influence the salt degree, even though the consequence was minor, their public presentation in commanding the releases is of import. There were failings and strengths in the bombardments releases method like addition in apprehension of the reaction of the Coorong and surround country to the low flow of H2O ; the grounds that show the accomplishable benefit from let go ofing H2O less than 750 GL ; addition in understanding on the sum of H2O needed to blush anoxic deposit and the importance of let go ofing the H2O from Gatess in different bombardments. In order to let go of fresh and oxygenated H2O to come in Coorong ; sand dredging method and bombardment release, method commanding the H2O degree in the lower lakes and at the same clip maintaining the Murray Mouth unfastened, are used to pull strings the lake degree. The benefit of such method is comparatively broad, non merely for the wading bird bird home ground but besides human activities such as irrigation and domestic usage. The bombardment method can besides be used for cut downing the salt degree of the H2O in other countries like in Lake Alexandria and Lake Albert. Manipulating the H2O degree in Lake Albert can do the saline H2O to flux outside the lake and cut down the salt degree. The bombardment theoretical account is proven to be able to cut down the salt degree in the Goolwa, Mundo and Coorong channels. Prior to the H2O release from the bombardment in September 2003, preliminary research had been indicated that non or minimum connectivity between Goolwa and Tauwitchere to the Murray river had increased the degree of salination, stagnancy and besides had increased the temperature degree of the H2O every bit good as lowered the degree of dissolved O. This event was conducted by joint cooperation of river operators, research workers from SARDI and besides the natural resource directors. The event occurred in 2003 has impacted positively to the environment since it outflows and freshened the Murray Mouth country by blending the H2O in North laguna. In add-on, the estuarial status had been established for a short clip together with the impermanent proviso of foods and phytoplankton in North Lagoon. Such event besides caused the Black Beam fish larvae being collected which suggested that the flow might haveA caused spawning. Figure 3. Barrages in Coorong, Lower Lakes and Murray Mouth ( Murray-Darling Basin Commission 2008 ) Even though the impact of such event was really short, it was a difficult grounds of how barrage method can be really successful. The similar event was so repeated in August 2004. The bombardment method shown that bombardment flows of at least 2,000 ML/day and may keep the Murray Mouth to be opened comparatively and besides prevent sand to ingress. It is besides shown that ‘scouring ‘ of sand from the oral cavity did non happen with big volumes. Finally, direction system of fluxing H2O through bombardment has to be focused on the attempt to forestall H2O from come ining the oral cavity alternatively of taking sand after its being formatted inside.A The Water Quality Monitoring Program ( WQMP ) The WQMP is a plan aims to bring forth study and appraisal on the River Murray H2O quality that can be used as ushers and recommendation in plan constitution in the river direction system. The WQMP started its activity in 1978 in roll uping bio chemicals informations from the river on 36 sites. Statistically, between 15 to 18 bio-chemicals parametric quantities are measured every hebdomad along the length of Boundary Creek, which located between Mundo Island and Eve Island, in six monitoring sites. The WQMP provides the information sing the salt in several periods of clip from 1978 to 2000. However, it did non supply the information of H2O quality after the LMP is delivered. However, in relation to the LMP plan, the WQMP information is utile as a comparing of the information before and after the LMP plan. It besides helps in supplying the recommendation on the current direction to better the wellness of the river particularly sing icon site. Figure 4: The Water Quality Monitoring Program ( Murray-Darling Basin Commission 2009 ) The consequence of H2O trying from six supervising sites indicates that the 24 hr freshening activity, which occurred between 25th of August and the 27th of October 2005, A had maintain the salt degree below saltwater salt. In add-on the salt readings had indicated that the 1 m tide did non perforate past the oral cavity of boundary brook on the first September. In 14th of October, high tide indicated that some estuarial H2O was able to force up Boundary brook despite the influence was merely less than 200 m ( Murray-Darling Basin Commission 2009 ) . Decision The LMP is a plan run by three provinces in Australia that aims to retrieve and better the River Murray status that will profit all Australian by maintaining the natural being of the river which has economic sciences, ecology and cultural values. Many species and native species rely on the river and a low H2O quality on the river will do important consequence on the life things includes human along the river. Salt is a immense job for the River Murray since the natural feature of this river is already saline. Human activities over two centuries increase the salt degree of the H2O and cut down its quality. In Coorong, Lower Lakes and Murray Mouth, the salt jobs is significantly act uponing the ecology and environmental conditions since the country is the lowest terminal of the flow that influenced by the human activities in the upper watercourse. The LMP is non supplying the existent and specific informations on salt degree in this country. Furthermore, the aims of this icon site are largely to better the life status for the birds and fishes. The prosperity of the LMP can be seen from the salt degree as an of import indexs in WQMP. The before and after informations was provided by the WQMP ; nevertheless, the LMP did non go on supervising the salt degree, hence the prosperity of LMP is non evidently recorded by the clear informations. The absence of the control site is one of the failings of the LMP. Without comparing the alterations in the wedged site to the control citation, the alterations can non be seen as strong grounds on the prosperity of the LMP. As the whole plan, LMP give good alterations in bettering environmental conditions of the river in Coorong, Lower Lakes and Murray Mouth. However, the grounds was non clear plenty in depicting LMP prosperity to cut down salt job of this icon site. Abbreviations and acronyms EWMP: Environmental Works and Measures Program GL: Gigalitre ( 1 billion liters ) ICM: Integrated Catchment Management MDBMC: Murray-Darling Basin Ministerial Council NAPSWQ: National Action Plan for Salinity and Water Quality TLMP: The Living Murray Program MDB: Murray-Darling Basin How to cite Analysing Salinity In The River Murray Environmental Sciences Essay, Essay examples

Separation of Aboriginal and Torres †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Separation of Aboriginal and Torres. Answer: Introduction According to Sen, the capability approach is a reflection of the moral value of persons need to achieve something valuable in their lives. Also, the capability approach focuses on the quality of life likely to be achieved by human beings. Under the Capabilities approach, welfare is a psychological aspect of life rather than physical mental health .In addition, the approach advocates for comprehensive consequentialism where theres consequences and principles and equality of gender (I.E.P. N .d) Sum ranking is another concern for the capabilities approach in the sense that different individuals have different capabilities in converting income to welfare (resources).Moreover, Sen views are based on functionality and capability of persons Noteworthy ,The Australian economic development strategy partly seeks to conform to the capabilities approach. Predominantly, the approach focuses on the functionings and capability s of a person. Specifically, functionings refers to the state of being and doing like having basic needs like food, shelter in exclusive of tools of achieving them whereas capability implies valuable functioning state accessible to human beings(I.E.P N .d)Capabilities include things like literacy ,health ,political rights etc. The Capability approach is based on capability theory .Sen s core principles of the capability approach are pluralism, freedom and agency. Further, social arrangements are considered essential human freedoms hence the need to boost social and economic policies to enhance human freedoms through creation of opportunities(Schwab 2015).The Indigenous economic development strategy 2011-18,provides avenues for the empowerment of Australia s indigenous population. The Australian indigenous Economic Development strategy seeks to create employment and education opportunities for indigenous Australians which conforms with Sen s capability approach principle that conforms to expanding substantive freedoms of people through development ( I.E.P 2011 ) Specifically, the Australian government through the Australian Council have entered a partnership agreement to provide employment opportunities for Australian Indigenous subjects. Further, functioning component of the capabilities approach has been considered in the Strategy into the sense that housing initiatives ,employment opportunities ,literacy of indigenous population of the Australians has been advocated for thus upholding the doing and Being of the capabilities approach(Macklin,Evans,et.al,2011) However ,the Australian indigenous policy has conflicted the capabilities approach in the sense that not all Australians are able to take part in participate in all the policies and decisions that directly on what they value or have reason to value as individuals(Shwab,2015) For instance ,the indigenous population of Australia was subjected to a protectionist trend, their children separate from them, their lifestyle and capabilities dictated by the protectors who were basically police officers(Commonwealth of Australia 1997)In a way this practice curtailed the capabilities of the indigenous Australians in the sense that what to value and reason to value decision was unavailable to them. The exception to the protectionist regime were the indigenous population in Tasmania. In addition the economic development strategy 2011-18, harmonizes its policies to the capabilities approach which seeks to eradicate ways that deprive indigenous Australians of their capabilities. Poverty elimination initiatives such as expansion of educational and skill facilities, unfavorable policies by the government towards indigenous Australians, access to financial services, social inequality and exclusion between indigenous and non indigenous Australian population and other capabilities deprivation factors have been covered under the indigenous economic development strategy of 2011-18.According to the capabilities approach ,a human beings quality of life is based on capabilities and functioning of that person. Predominantly, the Indigenous Economic Development Strategy 2011-18 focuses on the importance of education, creating conducive environment for economic activity, expanding and creating more employment opportunities ,development and growth of indigenous business skills and boosting financial security and independence of indigenous Australian Communities which is in accordance with Sen s Capability approach. Further the capability approach advocates for process freedoms by way of empowerment and agency. According to the development strategy 2011-18, process freedoms have been upheld in the sense that indigenous Australians are being accorded education opportunities in order to sharpen their skills for the labor market to pursue what they value or have reason to value as articulated in the Capability approach principles (Macklin, Evans et.al 2011 ) Also, it is encouraged of indigenous Australians to jointly join partnerships as communities and individuals for economic gains .Notably, capabilities are positive notions of freedom from which choice is a factor and functionings. Through the strategy there s adjudication of indigenous gender empowerment policies and measures which coincides with the capabilities approach to gender based inequalities. Particularly, the Capabilities approach advocates for active participation of individuals in what they value and what they have reason to value. However, most of the policies advocated for in the development strategy of 2011-18 is mostly done by government expatriates without the direct involvement of indigenous communities. Also, democracy and deliberations are key for advocators of the capabilities approach .Mainly ,indigenous groups of people have few representation in policy making institutions thus making them the subject of policies not actively participated which is against the capabilities principle of agency and pluralism(Schwab,2015)Noteworthy ,the post-colonial Australian policy was against the capabilities approach in the sense that government interests were considered prominent than individual values or reasons to value ,instead it was the government s inclination to bend its citizens to its will(Hewitson,2012)In addition ,there was segregation of persons in aim to form the white Australia which further boosted inequality between the current inhabitants of Australia, namely whites and Aboriginal Australians. In w hich instance there was no agency or pluralism for the aboriginals as advocated for by the capabilities approach by Sens. Additionally, the Australian indigenous policy has conflicted with the capabilities approach in that most of the policies implemented conflict between human capabilities and capital. Moreover, the emphasis on human capital is a deviation from Sen s capability approach sentiment. Also, theres a deficit discourse of the capabilities of indigenous people due to the beliefs of outsiders who might consider the indigenous way of life as inferior and aim to change the indigenous lifestyle (Schwab 2015)Particularly ,the Strategy recognizes the need to maintain indigenous culture ,beliefs and practices which is considered to be in harmony with the capabilities approach in the sense that indigenous Australians are likely to value their lifestyle, culture and belief before adopting new life patterns. However, the Indigenous Economic development strategy has been faulted for having inadequate provisions on development of human beings in that it has overlooked the importance of the rights of the indigenous people, subsistence or rural economy contribution to overall economic performance of Australia and the strategy is based on capital rather than capabilities as articulated in the Capabilities approach. Alternatively, the human capital approach theory has been formulated on the basis that with the development of individual human capabilities and capacities, economic development is realizable. Besides this individual approach, theres need for collective and sustainable economic development by communities due to its sustainability and inclusivity of economic gains when indigenous communities work collectively. Conclusively, there are different approaches of achieving economic development for indigenous communities globally. Noteworthy, we have the capabilities approach. The Australian indigenous policies have embraced the capabilities approach in part while holding other divergent views .Mainly, most Australian principles are based on the human capital approach which puts more emphasizes on capital rather than human capabilities. To a large extent, the Indigenous Economic development strategy seeks to implement the Capabilities approach. However, the approach is yet to be fully implemented on the indigenous inhabitants of Australia. There are conflicting or divergent policies to the capability approach which is based on functioning and capabilities thus the need for the Australian government to fully implement the capabilities approach towards economic development of the indigenous population in Australia and other approaches to attain the desired outcome of economic development for indige nous folk despite the approach used to attain it. References Commonwealth of Australia.(1997)Bringing them Home. Report of the National Inquiry into the Separation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Children from Their Families .Human Rights .Gov .Au. Available at https://www.humanrights.gov.au/sites/default/files/content/pdf/social_justice/bringing_them_home_report.pdf[Accessed25 Aug 2017] Hewitson , G.(2012)Economics and the Family. A Post-Colonial Perspective .Oxford Journals. Available from https://academic.oup.com/cje/article/37/1/91/1681704/Economics-and-the-family-a-postcolonial[Accessed 23 Aug 2017] I.E.P.(N .d) Sens Capability Approach .Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Available at https://www.iep.utm.edu/sen-cap/[Accessed 24 Aug 2017] Macklin ,J, Evans, C and Arbib ,M (2011) Indigenous Economic Development Strategy 2011-2018-Municipal.MAV.ASN.. Available at https://www.mav.asn.au/policy-services/social-community/indigenous/aboriginal-employment/Documents/National%20Indigenous%20economic%20development%20strategy%202011%E2%80%9318.pdf[Accessed 25 Aug 2017] Shwab, R.G.J . (2015)A Critical Review of the capability Approach in Australian Indigenous Policy Formation .Centre for Aboriginal Economic Policy Research. Available at https://www.google.com/url?sa=trct=jq=esrc=ssource=webcd=1cad=rjauact=8ved=0ahUKEwjsosWVx_DVAhUFIMAKHcsdBTQQFggvMAAurl=http%3A%2F%2Fcaepr.anu.edu.au%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FPublications%2FWP%2FWorkingPaper102_2015_Klein.pdfusg=AFQjCNHMB13JW_NFgoFh2PrLposHrwOh3A[Accessed 25 Aug 2017]

The Human Abstract Essays - Songs Of Innocence And Of Experience

The Human Abstract Annotated Bibliography: The Human Abstract The Human Abstract has not received much critical attention on its own. Of the critical interpretations that do exist, many approach the poem by examining its various manifestations in Blake's manuscripts, reading it against A Divine Image, a poem w hich was never finally published by Blake, or comparing it to its Innocence counterpart, The Divine Image. Most critics seem to agree that The Human Abstract represents a philosophical turning point in The Songs of Innocence and of Expe rience, and in Blake's work as a whole. In 1924, Joseph H. Wicksteed observes that this difficult poem, originally called 'The human Image, represents Blake's attempt to summarize his philosophy of revolt against the ob ject of worship he found in the mind of his age. He contends that Blake makes no distinction between God and Man: God is Man and Man is God, and either may be good or bad. Placing the poem in context with Blake's work as a whole, Wicksteed argues that, with this poem, Blake is moving toward s the position definitely reached in 'The Marriage,' that Reason, or the abstracting power of the mind, robs life of all its fullness and vigour. He then proceeds with a line-byline reading of the poem. Robert Gleckner briefly treats The Human Abstract in his book, The Piper and The Bard, suggesting that 'The Divine Image' of Innocence is perverted in experience to 'The Human Abstract.' He places the poem i n the didactic landscape of The Songs of Innocence and of Experience, contending that the rational 'holiness' in the poem leads us directly to the 'holiness' of 'Holy Thursday,' the 'heaven' of 'The Chimney Sweeper,' the 'Church' of 'The Littl e Vagabond,' the 'mystery' of 'A Little Boy Lost,' and the 'Christian forbearance' of 'A Poison Tree.' In a later essay, William Blake and the Human Abstract, 1961, Gleckner offers a more extensive reading of the poem, paying particular attention to t he formulation of its title and observing that of all the songs of experience the one which provides the greatest insight into Blake's concern with his titles, his struggle to define the two contrary states of the human soul, and his poetic technique (es pecially in the Songs of Experience), i s The Human Abstract. He also approaches the poem through an examination of the four drafts located in Blake's manuscript, pointing out that critics have neglected to examine the way in which the poem A Divine Image is complexly operative in 'The Human Abstract.' This connection is the focus of the Gleckner's essay, which he concludes with the contention that The Human Abstract represents Blake's final realization that the real disease is not a s ocial, economic, religious, [or] political force, but rather the cancerous tree of mystery...man's own thinking process. Later, both Geoffrey Keynes and David Erdman will point out that The Human Abstract replaced A Divine Image as the Experience response to The Divine Image. In Blake's Apocalypse: A Study in Poetic Argument, 1963, Harold Bloom reads The Human Abstract in conjunction with its Innocence partner, The Divine Image, noting that the word Abstract should not be misconst rued as literally meaning separated, because the contrast between the two poems is not between the integral and the split human nature, but rather between the equal delusions of Innocence and Experience as to the relationship of the h uman to the natural. He links the poem to both Genesis and the Norse myths of Odin (whom Bloom calls the Norse Nobodaddy) and Balder, observing that both the raven and the Tree of Mystery were drawn from those mythologies. In 1964, E.D. Hirsch also compares The Human Abstract to The Divine Image, contending that the former is not only a satire of [the latter] but also a naturalization of it. He asserts that the satirical first stanza should be read as if one of the Swedenborgian 'Angels' were speaking. He notes a change in tone, however, in the sec ond stanza where Blake quickly drops the angelic mask and converts the two remaining divine attributes of Innocence to something overtly sinister. For Hirsch, the primary myth which Blake is responding to is that

Corporate Development During The Industrial Revolu Essays (555 words)

Corporate Development During The Industrial Revolu Essays (555 words) Corporate Development During The Industrial Revolution The Standard Oil Company founded by John D. Rockefeller and the U.S. Steel Company founded by Andrew Carnegie. The Standard Oil Company and U.S. Steel Company were made successful in different ways due to the actions of their different owners. The companies differed in their labor relations, market control, and structural organization. In the steel industry, Carnegie developed a system known as vertical integration. This means that he cut out the middle man. Carnegie bought his own iron and coal mines because using independent companies cost too much and were inefficient. By doing this he was able to undersell his competetors because they had to pay the competitors they went through to get the raw materials. Unlike Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller integrated his oil business from top to bottom, his distinctive innovation in movement of American industry was horizontal. This meant he followed one product through all its stages. For example, rockrfeller controlled the oil when it w as drilled, through the refining stage, and he maintained control over the refining process turning it into gasoline. Although these two powerful men used two different methods of management their businesses were still very successful (Conlin, 425-426). Tycoons like Andrew Carnegie, the steel king, and John D. Rockefeller, the oil baron, exercised their genius in devising ways to circument competition. Although, Carnegie inclined to be tough-fisted in business, he was not a monopolist and disliked monopolistic trusts. John D. Rockefeller came to dominate the oil industry. With one upward stride after another he organized the Standard Oil Company, which was the nucleus of the great trust that was formed. Rockefeller showed little mercy. He believed primitive savagery prevailed in the jungle world of business, where only the fittest survived. He persued the policy of ruin or rule. Rockefellers oil monopoly did turn out a superior product at a relatively cheap price. Rockefeller belive d in ruthless business, Carnegie didnt, yet they both had the most successful companies in their industries. (The American Pageant, pages 515-518) Rockefeller treated his customers in the same manner that Andrew Carnegie treated his workers: cruel and harsh. The Standard Oil Company desperately wanted every possible company to buy their products. Standard Oil used ruthless tactics when Rockefeller threatenedto start his own chain of grocery stores and put local merchants out of business if they did not buy oil from Standard Oil Company. Carnegie dealt with his workers with the same cold lack of diplomacy and consideration. Carnegie would encourage an unfriendly competition between two of his workers and he goaded them into outdoing one another. Some of his employees found working under Carnegie unbearable. These rivalries became so important to the employees that somedidnt talk to each other for years (McCloskkey, page 145). Although both Carnegie and Rockefeller created extermely s uccesssful companies, they both used unscrupulous methods in some aspect of their corporation building to get to the top. The success of the Standard Oil Company and U.S. Steel company was credited to the fact that their owners ran them with great authority. In this very competetive time period, many new businesses were being formed and it took talented businessmen to get ahead and keep the companies running and make the fortunes that were made during this period. Bibliography Titan

Australian Economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Australian Economy - Essay Example The prediction was that the central bank of Australia would be forced to bring into play an expansionary monetary policy that would have rates of interest lowered to 2.5% from 4.25% so as to trigger growth. (Foley, 2009) Just before looking at this policy, it is of essence to explain vividly what a monetary policy entails. The situation in the world since year 2008 has been very serious and many economies including North America and Europe experienced a major economic downturn. Generally, the whole world was experiencing one of the most serious economic recessions. Australia as an economy has been said by most economic analysts to have defied this downturn. However, it has been affected as well by this situation, to mention the least. Governments, through their central banks, use both monetary policies and fiscal policies to control the stability and growth of the aggregate economy. This study is about both of these economic policies and more particularly in the context of the Austra lian economy. The study will first tackle each of these policies in general to create an understanding of the same before narrowing down to the Australian situation. Monetary policy will be the first to handle before going on to the fiscal policy. Monetary policies are usually about two major categories. These are expansionary and contractionary monetary policies. An expansionary policy is generally an open-market buying while a contractinary policy is about an open-market sale. An expansionary policy involves lowering of rates of interest while a contractionary policy escalates interest rates. Increased interest rates (contractionary policy) mean that borrowing from banks will be more expensive and thus, there will be minimal borrowing, which reduces currency supply in a given economy. A reduction in interest rates (expansionary policy) means that borrowing from banks will be easier due to the low rates of interest. Thus, this increases currency supply in the economy. Graphs can be utilised to illustrate what has been explained earlier concerning monetary policies. This is as shown below; Figure 1: Monetary policies illustrated in graphs Interest rates S0 S1 Interest rates S1 S0 D D Bank Reserves Bank Reserves Expansionary policy Contractionary policy As shown by the arrows, an expansionary policy involves a lowering of the rates of interest and thus, a rise in the supply of currency while a contractionary policy does exactly the opposite. S0 shows the original currency supply while S1 is the new supply. D is the demand curve for currency. (Baumol and Blinder, 2010 pp270, 271) Despite the criticism by the International Monetary Fund, that Australia was using a bad approach (in year 2010) to the inflation levels by using a monetary policy that was based in inflation targeting, the Reserve Bank of Australia continued using this approach. At this point in time, the bank was applying a contarctionary policy. The Reserve Bank usually targets a range of inflation o f around 2-3% while making these decisions of the monetary policy. It was to utilize the rates of interest so as to slower the overheating of the Australian economy. In 2010, the inflation target ranged between 1-2%. In order to control the condition of the recession effects, the Reserve Bank was applying a

International Organisational Behaviour - What is meant by culture Essay

International Organisational Behaviour - What is meant by culture shock - Essay Example The role of culture is significant as culture is the core values of the individual (McLaren, 1998). Moreover, culture has a significant role in the overall personality and how one acts, behaves, how he is motivated, how he feels about different situations, how capable he is to manage difficult situations, how he or she speaks, how one acts and reacts etc. All these characteristics are highly critical for every individual and these characteristics for the individual in either making him a successful individual or making the individual an unsuccessful person. So it reveals that culture has a significant role in the life of the individual. Moreover, culture varies from one society to another as people live their lives and therefore it is important to understand and analyze the differences among different culture and how different people behave (Bochner, 2001). So this report would discuss such important aspects of humans. The aim of this assignment would be to provide a clear definition of the term cultural shock along with the elements and symptoms of cultural shock. Furthermore, this assignment would highlight the understanding of international organizational behavior with examples from daily life. In addition to all these, some of the ways to bridge the cultural confusion or differences are also mention in the assignment. Cultural Shock Cultural shock or culture shock is a common term that indicates the confusing and nervous feelings of an individual after leaving an environment that he/she was familiar with. The best example that could be observed regarding the cultural shock is the migration of people from one country to another. This migration often leads to psychological distress due to the unfamiliar environment and culture (Bochner, 2001). Culture shock aims to describe the unfamiliarity that an individual may have or face when entering different culture (Paige 1993). In addition, Kalervo Obe rg (1960) indicated that this term was to be applicable only on those people that travel from one place to another into new cultures. According to Adler (1975), cultural shock is a combination of emotional reactions when an individual is provided with a new culture which has no or little meaning and can lead to misunderstanding of new culture and experiences. The definition provided by Weaver (1968) indicates the concept of cultural shock in daily life. According to Weaver (1968), cultural shock is much like common cold as there is no particular way or approach to prevent it as a person may catch it over and over again. Each time a person tries to adjust or readjust his culture according to the place and environment, he/she go through cultural shock. Cultural shock is referred as a distress experience of a person as a result of unfamiliarity with the culture. Losing of all those factors that made the person a part of the society and community is one of the major reasons of cultural shock (Oberg, 1960). Furthermore, six aspects of cultural shock were identified by Oberg (1960) that includes i. Psychological adjustments that leads to strain ii. Sense of loss and unfamiliarity which leads to deprivation iii. Lack of social recognition iv. Confusion in terms of role and loss of self-identity v. Awareness regarding cultural differences followed by surprise and anxiety vi. Low morale as the person might not be able to cope with the new

Civil Procedures Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Civil Procedures - Thesis Example 22). See the Appendix for a summary of the different parts of FRCP. The American legal system used to be a part of the British Empire in North America, which was loosely organized in the terms of national coherence simply because of the colonial rule. After independence, the lack of coherence in the legal system of the country became more conspicuous. The different district courts and regional bodies spread across the United States had formulated their own procedural systems that varied widely from one court to another. According to Wright and Miller (2002), the Process Act of 1792 was one of the first important and concrete attempts to bring about a uniform civil procedural paradigm throughout the federation. With the expansion of the United States throughout the early 19th century, legal issues surfaced time and again regarding the member states that were joining the initial thirteen colonies. US Congress took effective measures to overcome this problem and avoid confusions due to simultaneous application of both the common and civil laws. By the Tariff Act of 1828, US Congress provided a roadmap for the different states to follow a standard civil procedural system (Wright and Miller, 2002). However, debate and lack of legal coordination at the federal level continued. Major political and military developments during the Civil War and the World War I necessitated a federally recognized legal system all across the United States so that the union could be strengthened and harmonized. Finally in 1935, the Federal Supreme Court compiled the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (FRCP) that became the backbone of the bijuridical legal framework of the United States (Spencer, 2010; Wright and Miller, 2002). Despite the successful implementation of FRCP, each state in the United States has considerable autonomy regarding the

The Study Of Solubility Equilibrium

The Study Of Solubility Equilibrium The first part of this experiment aims to determine the solubility product constant of potassium hydrogen tartrate in water, and thereby determine how the enthalpy and entropy change of the dissolution reaction, according to the equilibrium KHC4H4O6 (s) Ġº K+ (aq) + HC4H4O6- (aq) (1), changes with temperature. The second part of this experiment aims to examine the common ion effect through determination of the Ksp of KHC4H4O6 in potassium nitrate (KNO3) solution for varying K+ concentrations. Results I. Titrating 25.0cm3 of KHC4H4O6 solution with 0.07415M NaOH solution with phenolphthalein indicator gave the following results To determine Ksp at 302.15K: Amount of NaOH used = Average volume of NaOH used 0.07415M = 13.35 10-3 0.07415 = 9.899 10-4 mol = Amount of HC4H4O6- reacted Total volume of the solution = Average volume of NaOH used + 25.0 cm3 of HC4H4O6- solution = 13.35 + 25.0 = 38.35 cm3 Since [K+] = [HC4H4O6-], Ksp = [K+][HC4H4O6-] = [HC4H4O6-]2 = 0.25812 = 6.662-10-4 Table 1: Solubility product constant of potassium hydrogen tartrate at various temperatures Temperature / K Average VNaOH used / cm3 Amount of NaOH used / mol Amount of HC4H4O6- reacted / mol [HC4H4O6-] / mol dm-3 Solubility of HC4H4O6-/ mol dm-3 Ksp ln Ksp 1/T / K-1 282.5 6.65 0.0004931 0.004931 0.01558 0.01558 0.0002427 -8.324 0.003540 292 9.25 0.0006869 0.006869 0.02003 0.02003 0.0004010 -7.821 0.003425 302 13.35 0.0009899 0.009899 0.02581 0.02581 0.0006663 -7.314 0.003311 311.5 18.35 0.001361 0.01361 0.03139 0.03139 0.0009852 -6.923 0.003210 322.5 26.65 0.001976 0.01976 0.03826 0.03826 0.001464 -6.527 0.003101 Given that ΔG °reaction = ΔH °reaction TΔS °reaction - (2) and ΔG °reaction = RT ln K - (3), combining the two equations and rearranging gives us the linear function: - (4) Using the data obtained in this experiment to plot this linear function gives Graph 1 shown below: Graph 1: Linear curve of ln Ksp against 1/T Equation of line -ln Ksp = 4113(1/T) + 6.264 =- 4113 ΔH °reaction =- (- 4113 8.314) =+34 195 J mol-1 (4s.f.) =+34.195 kJ mol-1 Uncertainty (standard deviation) =  ± 105.3 8.314 =  ± 875.5 ΔH °reaction = + 34 195  ± 875.5 J mol-1 =6.264 ΔS °reaction =6.264 8.314 =+52.08 J K-1 mol-1 (4s.f.) Uncertainty (standard deviation) = ± 0.3497 8.314 =  ± 2.907 ΔS °reaction = + 52.08  ± 2.907 J K-1 mol-1 ΔG °reaction = [+ 34 195 T (+ 52.08)] J mol-1 Solubility of HC4H4O6- and Ksp increases with increasing temperature, and a positive ΔH °r value shows that the dissolution of KHC4H4O6 is an endothermic process. Since the magnitude of ΔS °r is smaller than that of ΔH °r, ΔG °r is always positive in the temperature range of 282.5K to 322.5K, as carried out in this experiment. This indicates that the dissolution of KHC4H4O6 is always non-spontaneous for this temperature range, and hence KHC4H4O6 is a sparingly soluble salt. II. Titration of KHC4H4O6 in KNO3 solutions of different concentrations with 0.07413M NaOH solution with phenolphthalein indicator at room temperature to observe the common ion effect gave the following results To determine the Ksp and solubility of HC4H4O6- at room temperature when [KNO3] = 0.01M: Amount of K+ from KNO3 = 0.01 70 10-3 = 7.00-10-4 mol Amount of NaOH used = 11.45 10-3 0.07413 = 8.508 10-4 mol = Amount of HC4H4O6- reacted Total amount of K+ = (7.00-10-4) + (8.508 10-4) = 1.55 10-3 mol Total volume = 25.0 + 11.45 = 36.45 cm3 [K+]total = Ksp = Table 2: Solubility product constant of potassium hydrogen tartrate at various potassium nitrate concentrations T / K [KNO3] / M Average volume of NaOH used / cm3 Amount of NaOH / mol Amount of HC4H4O6- reacted / mol Total amount of K+ / mol [K+]total / mol dm-3 Solubility of HC4H4O6- / mol dm-3 Ksp 301 0.01 11.45 0.0008509 0.0008509 0.001551 0.04255 0.02334 0.0009932 301 0.02 10.35 0.0007691 0.0007691 0.002169 0.06136 0.02176 0.001335 302 0.03 9.50 0.0007059 0.0007059 0.002806 0.08133 0.02046 0.001664 302 0.04 8.60 0.0006391 0.0006391 0.003439 0.1024 0.01902 0.001947 Graph 2: Graph of solubility of KHC4H4O6 (M) against [K+]total (M) The data obtained in this part of the experiment shows that solubility of HC4H4O6- decreases with increasing total K+ concentration for a given temperature (302K). This is due to the common ion effect the presence of the common ion K+ suppresses the dissociation of KHC4H4O6 according to (1), since K+ concentration is greater than the equilibrium KHC4H4O6 concentration. The greater the K+ concentration, the lesser the extent of dissociation of KHC4H4O6, and hence the less soluble HC4H4O6- is in water. Discussion The solubility of a substance is the amount of the substance dissolved in 1 L of its saturated solution for a given temperature. Ksp on the other hand, is the product of the ion concentrations raised to their respective powers on the dissolution equilibrium equation, and is constant for a given temperature. Since the dissolution of KHC4H4O6 is an endothermic process, when temperature increases, the forward reaction is favoured to absorb the excess heat. This causes Ksp values to increase with increasing temperature, as observed, since concentration of products, i.e. [K+] and [HC4H4O6-], increases. The heat absorbed is used to overcome solute-solute and solvent-solvent interactions, such that solute-solvent interactions can form during the dissolution process. Also, as a solid dissolves, entropy of the system is increased, since the greater number of liquid particles increases disorderliness. Hence as temperature increases, ΔG °r will be increasingly negative, indicating that the dissolution of KHC4H4O6 gets increasingly spontaneous as temperature increases. In this experiment, ΔH °r and ΔS °r are assumed to be insignificantly dependent on temperature. ΔrH(T2) = ΔrH(T1) + (T2-T1) ΔrCp - (5) (Atkins, 2006) From Kirchhoffs law (5), ΔrH is dependent on temperature, assuming that constant-pressure heat capacities (Cp) is independent of temperature. For the above assumption to hold true, ΔrCp should be insignificant, i.e. (Cp) of the products and reactants should have approximately equal values. Since Cp is affected by how much of a substance there is in the solution the greater the number of particles, the greater the amount of heat energy needed to raise the overall temperature of the solution by 1K and the KHC4H4O6 solution used in titration is saturated, the amount of substance in the solution can be approximated to be the same. Thus, Cp of the products and reactants can be approximated to be the same, and hence ΔrCp is minimum. Similarly, since ΔS °r is dependent on Cp as well, we can assume it to be insignificantly dependent on temperature as well. For the above argument to hold true, the KHC4H4O6 solution used in titration must be saturated, and steps to ensure this should be taken one, continual swirling of the solution before filtration to ensure all solid has been dissolved; two, maintaining supposed temperature of the solution immediately before filtering, since the saturated solution is filtered in small portions; three, apparatus used to contain the filtrate must be dry such that the saturated solution is not diluted by the presence of any water. General titration techniques were also employed, such as rinsing apparatus with the solutions that they are to contain to ensure no contamination and accurate concentrations, as well as keeping the amount of phenolphthalein indicator, a weak acid, to a minimum, to prevent the lowering of the pH of the solution, which results in more than the required amount of NaOH needed to react with the saturated KHC4H4O6 solution. For Section 1 of this experiment, comparing experimental and literature Ksp values gives the following At approximately 302K: Literature value of solubility of KHC4H4O6 in water = 7.3693 103 kgsalt/kgwater (Lopes, 2001) Literature Ksp value = [(7.3693 103 gsalt/mlwater) à · (188.1772 g mol-1)]2 = (39.161 10-3 mol L-1)2 = 1.534 10-3 Experimental Ksp value (Section 1) = 6.663 10-4 Mean Ksp value (Section 2) = 1.485 10-3 The literature Ksp value in Section 1 of this experiment was 2.302 times higher than that of the experimental Ksp value at 302K. Besides, since Ksp is only dependent on temperature, Ksp values at the same temperature should be constant and independent of concentrations. The mean Ksp value obtained in the Section 2 of this experiment, however, was 2.229 times greater than that obtained in Section 1 of this experiment, though it only had a 3.300% difference from the literature Ksp value. The abnormally low Ksp value obtained in Section 1 of this experiment indicates less than expected K+ and HC4H4O6- concentrations in the solution, and can stem from either the effect of a deviation from temperature, or from the solution being unsaturated. However, the data obtained in this experiment showed an accurate trend expected of Ksp values for increasing temperature, hence eliminating temperature deviation as a possible source of error. Furthermore, this trend also reflects expected solubility trends, and is sufficient in demonstrating the aims of this experiment. Conclusion The aims of this experiment have been met, as shown by the increasing trend of Ksp values for increasing temperature, as well as the decreasing solubility of HC4H4O6- in water for increasing K+ concentration, due to the common ion effect. These combined prove that Ksp is only dependent on temperature, given that care has been taken to ensure a saturated solution when carrying out the experiment.

Imagery Used in Keats Poems Essay example -- John Keats Ode to a Grec

Imagery Used in Keats' Poems Strong imagery is the basis of structure in many poems. Literal and metaphorical imagery words aid the reader with interpreting the main ideal of the poem. Ode to a Grecian Urn, Ode to a Nightingale and On First Looking into Chapman’s Homer are three of John Keats’ poems which contain this descriptive imagery to give structure and meaning. Keats makes the decorative language as the medium for the passion that he holds for his subject. Ode to a Grecian Urn is a poem in which Keats makes imagery explain the physical aspects of an urn as well as the message behind its appearance. When explaining the physical attributes of the urn Keats describes its beauty by comparing the urn to places such asâ€Å"†¦Temp† and â€Å"†¦the dales of Arcady† in line seven. Imagery such as lines nineteen and twenty state â€Å"She cannot fade, through thou hast not thy bliss, / For ever wilt though love, and she be fair†. These lines colorfully relay the message that the urn is infinite and the image of life that is presented on it will never commence. This urn is presented...